Top 10 Oldest Books in the World Ever Written

Books have been a cornerstone of human civilization for millennia. They have preserved knowledge, shaped cultures, and inspired generations. But  what is the oldest book in the world ? In this blog, WiPDF will embark on a journey through time to explore 10 of the  oldest books in the world . These ancient texts offer a fascinating glimpse into the past and provide valuable insights into the history of writing and human thought. 

1. The Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2100 BC) 

One of the world’s oldest surviving works of literature is the Epic of Gilgamesh. This ancient Sumerian poem dates back to around 2100 BC. Found in modern-day Iraq, this epic sheds light on early human values and the meaning of life and death. Written on clay tablets in cuneiform script, it stands as a timeless masterpiece. 

This  oldest book in the world follows King Gilgamesh of Uruk, a semi-divine hero, and his companion Enkidu, through their adventures and existential quests. The emotional core of the story lies in Gilgamesh's quest to overcome his fear of death after losing his friend. The Epic's timeless themes continue to resonate with modern readers. It was rediscovered in the 19th century, inscribed on clay tablets in cuneiform script, marking an astonishing achievement of early literature. 

2. The Pyramid Texts (c. 2400–2300 BC) 

Dating to the late Old Kingdom (c. 2400–2300 BC), The Pyramid Texts are among the oldest books in the world on religion. Inscribed on the walls of pyramids, these texts were meant to protect the king in the afterlife. They contain spells, prayers, and rituals designed to ensure a safe passage to the next world. 

The pharaoh’s survival beyond death was crucial for maintaining the balance of the cosmos, according to ancient Egyptian beliefs. Unlike later religious texts such as the Book of the Dead, the Pyramid Texts were exclusive to royalty. These texts stand as the first book in the world dedicated to the afterlife, revealing the Egyptians' deep spiritual beliefs and their obsession with immortality. 

3. The Rigveda (c. 1500 BC) 

The Rigveda is one of the foundational texts of Hinduism and the oldest book in the world among the Vedas, the sacred scriptures of ancient India. Composed in ancient Sanskrit around 1500 BC, it contains 1,028 hymns dedicated to various deities, including Agni, the god of fire, and Indra, the god of rain and thunder. The hymns, which were passed down orally for centuries before being written down, reflect early Indo-Aryan religious practices and cosmology. The Rigveda is not just a religious text but also a source of cultural and historical knowledge, offering insights into the early societal structure and the reverence of natural forces in Vedic culture. Its verses are still recited in religious ceremonies today. 

4. The Book of the Dead (c. 1550 BC) 

The Book of the Dead is a compilation of spells, charms, and rituals meant to aid the deceased in navigating the dangers of the afterlife. While it dates back to around 1550 BC, it was widely used throughout Egypt's New Kingdom. Unlike the earlier Pyramid Texts, the Book of the Dead was accessible to both royalty and commoners, reflecting a democratization of afterlife beliefs.  

Written on papyrus scrolls, these texts were placed in tombs and grave goods to ensure a smooth journey to the Field of Reeds, the Egyptian paradise. The vivid imagery and symbolic artwork in the papyrus scrolls make them not only a religious document but also a treasure trove of ancient Egyptian art and mythology. It is considered the oldest book on earth detailing the afterlife journey of Egyptians. 

5. The Instructions of Shuruppak (c. 2600 BC) 

One of the oldest known examples of wisdom literature, The Instructions of Shuruppak dates back to around 2600 BC in ancient Sumer (modern Iraq). It is a series of moral teachings attributed to King Shuruppak, who imparts advice to his son, Ziusudra.  

The text advises on matters such as justice, work ethics, proper behavior, and the treatment of others. The wisdom contained in these instructions is timeless, emphasizing honesty, integrity, and the importance of living in harmony with society. Its survival for millennia speaks to the universality of its teachings, making it one of the most enduring legacies of Sumerian culture. 

6. The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) 

 One of the oldest books in the world related to medical knowledge, the Ebers Papyrus offers a detailed look at ancient Egyptian medicine. This scroll, written in hieratic script, contains thousands of medical prescriptions and spells, ranging from practical treatments for diseases to mystical incantations for warding off evil spirits. 

 It is over 20 meters long and gives insights into the holistic and spiritual approach Egyptians had toward health. Beyond its medical content, it reflects the rich cultural and religious traditions of ancient Egypt. 

7. The Book of Enoch (c. 300 BC) 

Written in 300 BC, the Book of Enoch is an ancient Jewish manuscript ascribed to Enoch, Noah's great-grandfather. It is a collection of apocalyptic writings that explore visions of heaven, the rebellion of fallen angels, and prophecies about the coming judgment. Although not included in the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Enoch was highly influential in early Jewish and Christian thought.  

It was lost for centuries and rediscovered in Ethiopia in the 18th century, where it had been preserved by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The text’s vivid descriptions of angels, heavenly realms, and its ethical teachings have fascinated scholars and readers alike. 

8. The Iliad and The Odyssey (c. 800 BC) 

Attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, The Iliad and The Odyssey are two of the most celebrated works of Western literature. Written around 800 BC, they recount the events of the Trojan War (The Iliad) and the perilous journey of Odysseus as he tries to return home after the war (The Odyssey).  

These epic poems are iconic examples of the oldest book in the world that combines mythology, history, and literature. Homer’s works have had an enormous influence on literature, inspiring countless retellings, adaptations, and interpretations throughout history. They are foundational texts for understanding Greek mythology, culture, and values. 

9. The Dead Sea Scrolls (c. 250 BC – 100 CE) 

Discovered in the Qumran Caves near the Dead Sea, these ancient manuscripts offer a glimpse into the religious beliefs and practices of the Jewish sect known as the Essenes. The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments of the Hebrew Bible, as well as sectarian texts, commentaries, and hymns. Among the oldest books in the world, they provide key insights into Second Temple Judaism and the cultural context of early Christianity.  

This book is the most important archaeological finds of the 20th century, invaluable for understanding the development of Jewish and Christian traditions, revealing the diversity of beliefs and practices in the ancient world. 

10. The Book of Kells (c. 800 CE) 

Created by Celtic monks on the island of Iona, the Book of Kells is a lavishly illustrated manuscript containing the Gospels. Its intricate Celtic knotwork and vibrant colors make it one of the most beautiful and iconic illuminated manuscripts in the world. 

This illuminated manuscript contains the four Gospels of the New Testament, written in Latin, and is famed for its vibrant colors and detailed artistry. The book's creation is a testament to the monks' devotion and the cultural artistry of early medieval Ireland. 

Conclusion 

These ancient books offer a window into the past and provide valuable insights into the history of human civilization. From medical texts to religious manuscripts, these artifacts are not only the  oldest books in the world but have also shaped our understanding of the world and continue to inspire and intrigue us today.